Which condition can lead to intrauterine growth restriction contributing to symmetrical SGA?

• A. Maternal diabetes
• B. Intrauterine viral infection
• C. Placental abruption
• D. Ectopic pregnancy

Answer: (B)

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can result from various maternal and fetal factors, with symmetrical small for gestational age (SGA) being characterized by a proportionate decrease in weight, length, and head circumference. Intrauterine viral infections, often referred to as congenital infections, can have significant effects on fetal development.

Certain viral infections, like cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, and Zika virus, have been shown to interfere with normal fetal growth and development. These infections can affect the cellular processes necessary for growth and may disrupt placental function, leading to reduced nutrient and oxygen supply to the fetus. When this occurs early in gestation, it is more likely to result in symmetrical growth restriction, as the fetus grows proportionately smaller.

In contrast, conditions such as maternal diabetes typically lead to asymmetrical SGA, where the head is larger relative to the body due to hypertrophic growth from the maternal hyperglycemia. Placental abruption can cause acute IUGR but is more likely to result in asymmetrical growth patterns depending on the timing and extent of placental compromise. Ectopic pregnancy is a condition that occurs outside the uterus and is not typically associated with growth patterns in a developing